Lists of Reflexes You Need to Know

Lists of Reflexes

Accommodation Reflex

The accommodation reflex is a reflex action of the eye, in response to focusing on a near object, then looking at distant object (and vice versa), comprising coordinated changes in vergence, lens shape and pupil size (accommodation). It is dependent on cranial nerve II (afferent limb of reflex), superior centers (interneuron) and cranial nerve III (efferent limb of reflex).

Acoustic Reflex

The acoustic reflex is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear in response to high-intensity sound stimuli or when the person starts to vocalize.


Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex

The asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) is a primitive reflex found in newborn humans, but normally vanishes around three months of age.
It is also known as the "fencing reflex" because of the characteristic position of the infant's arms and head, which resembles that of a classically trained fencer. When the face is turned to one side, the arm and leg on the side to which the face is turned extend and the arm and leg on the opposite side flex.


Ankle Jerk Reflex

The ankle jerk reflex occurs when the Achilles tendon is tapped while the foot is dorsi-flexed. A positive result would be the jerking of the foot towards its plantar surface. Being a deep tendon reflex, it is monosynaptic. It is also a stretch reflex. These are monosynaptic spinal segmental reflexes. When they are intact, integrity of the following is confirmed: cutaneous innervation, motor supply, and cortical input to the corresponding spinal segment.


Babinski Reflex

Babinski reflex is one of the normal reflexes in infants. Reflexes are responses that occur when the body receives a certain stimulus. The Babinski reflex occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe then moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot. The other toes fan out. This reflex is normal in children up to 2 years old. It disappears as the child gets older. It may disappear as early as 12 months.


Biceps Reflex

Biceps reflex is a reflex test that examines the function of the C5 reflex arc and the C6 reflex arc. The test is performed by using a tendon hammer to quickly depress the biceps brachii tendon as it passes through the cubital fossa. Specifically, the test activates the stretch receptors inside the biceps brachii muscle which communicates mainly with the C5 spinal nerve and partially with the C6 spinal nerve to induce a reflex contraction of the biceps muscle and jerk of the forearm.


Brachioradialis Reflex

The brachioradialis reflex (also known as supinator reflex)is observed during a neurological exam by striking the brachioradialis tendon (at its insertion at the base of the wrist into the radial styloid process (radial side of wrist around 4 inches proximal to base of thumb)) directly with a reflex hammer when the patient's arm is relaxing. This reflex is carried by the radial nerve (spinal level: C6,C7)


Corneal Reflex

The corneal reflex, also known as the blink reflex, is an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea (such as by touching or by a foreign body), though could result from any peripheral stimulus.


Glabellar Reflex

Glabellar reflex is a primitive reflex. It is elicited by repetitive tapping on the forehead. Subjects blink in response to the first several taps. If the blinking persists, this is known as Myerson's sign and is abnormal and a sign of frontal release; it is often seen in people who have Parkinson's disease.


Golgi Tendon Reflex

The Golgi tendon reflex is a normal component of the reflex arc of the peripheral nervous system. In a Golgi tendon reflex, skeletal muscle contraction causes the agonist muscle to simultaneously lengthen and relax.


Jaw Jerk Reflex

The jaw jerk reflex or the masseter reflex is a stretch reflex used to test the status of a patient's trigeminal nerve (CN V) and to help distinguish an upper cervical cord compression from lesions that are above the foramen magnum.


Moro Reflex

The Moro reflex is an infantile reflex normally present in all infants/newborns up to 3 or 4 months of age as a response to a sudden loss of support, when the infant feels as if it is falling. It involves three distinct components; spreading out the arms (abduction), unspreading the arms (adduction), crying (usually).
The primary significance of the Moro reflex is in evaluating integration of the central nervous system. It is distinct from the startle reflex,[1] and is believed to be the only unlearned fear in human newborns.


Palmar Grasp Reflex

Palmar grasp reflex (sometimes simply called grasp reflex) is a primitive reflex. It appears as early as 16 weeks in utero and persists until five or six months of age. When an object is placed in the infant's hand and strokes their palm, the fingers will close and they will grasp it with a palmar grasp. The grip is strong but unpredictable; though it may be able to support the child's weight, they may also release their grip suddenly and without warning. The reverse motion can be induced by stroking the back or side of the hand.


Patellar Reflex

The patellar reflex or knee-jerk is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord.

Plantar Reflex

The plantar reflex is a reflex elicited when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument. The reflex can take one of two forms.


Pupillary Light Reflex

The pupillary light reflex (PLR) or photopupillary reflex is a reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil, in response to the intensity (luminance) of light that falls on the retinal ganglion cells of the retina in the back of the eye, thereby assisting in adaptation to various levels of lightness/darkness.


Rooting Reflex

The rooting reflex is present at birth(age of appearance 28weeks) and disappears around four months of age, as it gradually comes under voluntary control. The rooting reflex assists in the act of breastfeeding.


Righting Reflex

The righting reflex is a reflex that corrects the orientation of the body when it is taken out of its normal upright position.


Triceps Reflex

The triceps reflex, a deep tendon reflex, is a reflex as it elicits involuntary contraction of the triceps brachii muscle. It is initiated by the Cervical (of the neck region) spinal nerve 7 nerve root (the small segment of the nerve that emerges from the spinal cord). The reflex is tested as part of the neurological examination to assess the sensory and motor pathways within the C7 and C8 spinal nerves.


Source : wikipedia

Erythrasma - Definition, Causes, Symptoms and Prevention

Erythrasma

DEFINITION

Erythrasma is an infection of the top layers of the skin caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum.


CAUSE

Bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum. Erythrasma common in adults and diabetics; The most commonly found in the tropics.


SYMPTOMS

Often found in areas where skin contact with the skin, such as under the breasts and armpits, between the toes and the genital area (especially in men, where the thighs touch the scrotum). Infection causes the formation of patches of pink with irregular shapes, which will then be transformed into smooth scales brown.

In some patients, the infection spreads to the torso and anal area. Could itching that are mild.


PREVENTION

Some actions can be done to reduce the risk of Erythrasma:

• Maintain cleanliness of the body.
• Keep skin dry.
• Using clean clothes with materials that absorb sweat.
• Avoiding excessive heat or moisture.

Definition, Causes and Symptoms of Septic Shock

Septic Shock

DEFINITIONS

Septic shock is a condition in which blood pressure drops to levels that endanger lives as a result of sepsis.

Septic shock often occur in:

• newborn baby,
• age above 50 years, and
• people with immune system disorders.

CAUSES

Septic shock caused by toxins produced by certain bacteria and due to cytokines (substances made by the immune system to fight an infection). Toxins released by the bacteria can cause tissue damage and circulatory disorders.

Risk factors for septic shock:

• Chronic diseases (diabetes, blood cancer, genital-urinary tract, liver, gall bladder, intestine).
• Infection.
• Long-term use of antibiotics.
• Medical procedures or surgery.

SYMPTOMS

Early signs of septic shock is often a decrease in mental alertness and confusion that arise within 24 hours or more before the blood pressure falls. This phenomenon is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. Outpouring of blood from the heart is indeed increased, but the blood vessels widen so blood pressure goes down. Breathing becomes fast so that the lungs secrete excessive levels of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases.

Early symptoms include shivering, body temperature rises very fast, warm and reddish skin, weak pulse and blood pressure fluctuated. Decreased urine production despite increased flow of blood from the heart. In later stages, the body temperature often drops to below normal.

When the shock worsens, several organs fail:

• Kidneys: urine production is reduced.
• Lungs: respiratory distress and decreased oxygen levels in the blood.
• Heart: fluid retention and swelling.

May develop blood clots in the blood vessels.

Do You Know The Common Symptoms of Sinusitis ?

If you are having difficulty breathing, nasal congestion, pain in the eye or forehead, face like feel full, even on your teeth ache. You'd better be careful. You can be exposed to sinusitis. Those are some common symptoms of sinusitis. Do you know what exactly is sinusitis?

Sinusitis can be described as an inflammation of the sinus area. Sinus itself an air space that is located in the area of the face and connect directly with your nose.

Well, due to the inflammation of the sinus area are stockpiling the lenders in the sinus area. This resulted in the growth of bacteria. Well, but to diagnose sinusitis a person is infected with is not easy.

This is due to sinusitis symptoms similar to flu symptoms. A child whose flu for more than ten days is suspect that the child has been exposed to sinusitis.

Well, that's why on this occasion will discuss these concerns sinusitis symptoms. And expected you able to cope.

1. Nose colds
At first the disease begins with cold sinusitis. It is caused by inflammation triggered by colds, irritation or allergy attack that is common in sinusitis.

2. Pressure around the teeth and face
Basically sinusitis patients who are already infected will experience symptoms much. Usually a patient will experience nasal congestion even sick or feel excessive pressure in the area around the teeth and face. Excessive pressure on the teeth and facial area is a major sign that signifies that a person infected sinusitis. The pressure caused by the already inflamed tissue in the wall of nerve endings in your sinuses.

If you feel pain in the forehead area or even hurt your head then this is caused by frontal sinusitis which is located in the upper area of the forehead or eyes. If you feel pain in the cheek area and then spread to an area of the upper teeth, then this is caused by maxillary sinusitis located in both your cheekbones.

However, if you feel pain in your eye area, then this is caused by ethmoid sinusitis that lies between your eyes. Whereas if the pain in the crown of the head, behind the eyes or even along your neck, then this is a result of the sphenoid sinusitis which is located below the brain and behind your nose.

3. Nasal mucus
Symptoms of sinusitis worse still is the patient's nose will discharge that is green, yellow, or clear it. Other symptoms experienced by the patient is feeling excessive fatigue.

4. Decreased sense of smell and taste
In addition to the symptoms of sinusitis above, there are also symptoms of a reduction in your sense of smell. Due to the swelling of the lining of the nose will inhibit many kinds of smells that you can breathe.

So make your olfactory receptors will gradually experience a reduction. It turns out in addition to the reduction of sense of smell, your taste buds power will also decrease.

5. Cough and breath odor
Other common symptoms of sinusitis are experienced by patients is that bad breath and coughing. Bad breath caused by mucus that had been infected. This mucus containing bacteria so that if the exit going to stink.

If cough, this occurs because the mucus that can touch your vocal cords so will cause you to cough. Some symptoms of sinusitis should be considered because of the help that is ignored or overlooked (untreated), will make the germ of a sinusitis infection spread to the bone around the affected sinus cavity, eye, receptor (brain), and even the lungs.

Symptoms of Anemia That Can Facilitate You To Know

Anemia is a condition where the body is deficient in red blood cells or hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein). Hemoglobin is an important element that should be normal so that oxygen is successfully distributed to all tissues of the body through the lungs.

Someone said anemia when the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) less than 13.5 g / dL or hematocrit (HCT) is less than 41% in men, and hemoglobin concentration of less than 11.5 g / dL or Hct is less than 36% in women.

Anemia makes the process of circulating red blood cells to be disrupted, so that the body is deprived of oxygen which is then processed into energy. From here already clear that the initial symptoms of anemia can be often feel tired, tongue and eyelids pale.

Anemia is also associated with less blood condition. Here is a series of symptoms of anemia that can facilitate you to know anemic from sources Activebeat.

1. Fatigue and lack of energy
Fatigue is a common symptom of anemia that all patients must have experienced it. Some types of anemia, such as iron deficiency or vitamin B-12, may cause long-term excessive fatigue due to low hemoglobin levels.

2. Headaches and shortness of breath
Anemia makes patients feel tired often excessive, although it is not currently doing any strenuous activity. Moreover, it is not uncommon patient complained of headaches and shortness of breath. Such as when getting up suddenly from sitting, the head feels dizzy and the room seemed to move round. The condition indicates severe anemia caused by multiple organ finds no sufficient blood and oxygen. If there is a long term concern of the body ischemia, ie, the death of some tissues or cells.

3. Damage to some organs, such as brain and heart
Some parts of the body requires oxygen carried by hemoglobin so that its performance remains stable. Therefore, anemia interfere with the delivery process, the cardiovascular system disorders. Lack of oxygen-carrying blood not only result in extreme fatigue, but rather lead to damage some organs, such as brain and heart.

4. Leg cramps
Other common symptoms of anemia are leg cramps. In the mild anemia, leg cramps only occur once or moderate physical activity, such as walking, running, and long standing. Whereas in patients with severe anemia, leg cramps can occur even during rest. Will clearly called anemia when accompanied by muscle weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

5. Skin pale
Skin look pale, an indication of anemia. This is a direct effect of the decrease in the amount of hemoglobin against the skin. Too pale fingertips, you can find out by pressing the tip of a finger and see the change to white or pale. While the body is yellowish skin.

6. Difficulty concentrating
Hemoglobin inability to circulate oxygen also affects the brain's ability to concentrate. This is compounded by unmet needs essential nutrients for the brain such as vitamins and minerals (folic acid, iron, and vitamin B12).

7. Irregular heartbeat
In the medical world this condition is called palpitations, the heart rate is not stable. Palpitations can occur when the heart is deprived of oxygen.

8. Insomnia
Sleep disorders, such as anxiety are also considered as a symptom of anemia after research conducted in 2008 in Ireland involving children and adolescents. Iron deficiency in some people cause insomnia, legs often move because feel uneasy or restless leg syndrome called.


Immediately consult a doctor when the body starts showing some symptoms of anemia above, especially for pale skin that must be addressed by a doctor.

Causes, Prevention, Signs and Symptoms of Gout

Gout is a type of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. Uric acid is a breakdown product of purines that are part of the food we eat. Abnormality in handling uric acid and crystallization of these compounds in the joints can cause attacks of painful arthritis, kidney stones, and blockage of the filtering process of the renal tubules with uric acid crystals, leading to kidney failure.

Acute gout attack is characterized by rapid onset / sudden pain in the affected joint followed by a warm feeling on touching the joints, swelling, redness, and pain. Small joints at the base of the big toe is the most commonly attacked. Other joints that can be affected include the ankles, knees, wrists, fingers, and elbows. In some people, the pain suddenly / acute so strong that even the sheets at the foot of causing severe pain. Painful attacks usually subside within a few hours or days, with or without medication. In rare cases, attacks can last for weeks. Most people with gout will experience repeated attacks of gout arthritis for many years.

Gout is nine times more common in men than in women. It mainly affects males after puberty, with a peak age of 75 years of age. In women, gout attacks usually occur after menopause.

Obesity, excessive weight, especially in youth, drinking moderate to severe, high blood pressure, and abnormal kidney function is one of the risk factors for developing gout. Drugs and certain diseases can also cause an increase in uric acid levels. Interestingly, a recent study showed an increased prevalence of abnormally low thyroid hormone levels (hypothyroidism) in patients with gout.

The base of the big toe joint is the most common site of an acute Gout attacks. These attacks can occur, except gout treated. See your doctor, even if you are sick rheumatism / gout has been lost. Over time, they can harm the joints, tendons, and other tissues.

Uric acid crystals in the finger joints and stiffness which result in painful inflammation.

People may experience gout by deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints of their fingers. To reduce the pain of a gout attack, rest the painful joints.

Maintain adequate fluid intake helps prevent acute gout attacks and reduce the risk of kidney stone formation in people having gout. Alcohol is known to have diuretic effects that can cause water shortages and triggered an acute gout attack. Alcohol can also affect uric acid metabolism and cause hyperuricemia. This causes gout, therefore slowing spending uric acid from the kidneys as well as to cause shortage of liquid, which causes uric acid crystals to precipitate in the joints.

Dietary changes can help reduce uric acid levels in the blood. Because purine chemicals are converted by the body into uric acid, purine rich foods should be avoided. Foods rich in purines include shellfish and organ meats, such as liver, brain, and kidneys. Researchers have reported that meat or seafood consumption increases the risk of gout attacks, while dairy consumption seems to reduce this risk. Weight loss can help in lowering the risk of recurrent gout attacks.


Reference:

MedicineNet.com WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise: "Gout - Topic Overview."

Acute Bronchitis - Definition, Etiology, Risk Factors, Signs and Symptoms

Definition of Acute Bronchitis

Acute bronchitis is an acute respiratory tract infection disease (inflammation of the bronchi) that usually occurs in infants and children are usually also accompanied by tracheitis (Ngastiyah; 1997; 36).

Etiology

• Acute bronchitis is usually often caused by viruses such as Rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and coxsackie virus. Acute bronchitis can also be found in children who are suffering from measles (morbilli), pertussis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections.
• Another cause of acute bronchitis may also by bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae). Bronchitis can also be caused by a parasite such as ascariasis and fungi.
• Causes of non-infectious is due to aspiration of the physical or chemical materials. Predisposing factors occurrence of acute bronchitis is a change in weather, allergies, air pollution and chronic upper respiratory tract infections predispose to bronchitis.

Risk Factors

Factors that increase the risk of bronchitis include:

• Cigarette smoke. People who smoke or who live with smokers are at higher risk for symptoms of acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis.
• Low resistance. This is usually the result of other acute illness, such as a cold or a chronic condition that compromise the immune system. Adults, infants and children have a greater susceptibility to infection.
• Exposure to irritants on the job. Bronchitis disease risk is greater when working around the place that may be exposed to lung irritants, such as iron ore or textiles and exposed to chemical vapors.

Signs and Symptoms of Bronchitis

Both symptoms of acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis, signs and symptoms may include:

• Cough.
• Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear, white, gray or yellowish green.
• Fatigue.
• Slight fever and chills.
• Discomfort in the chest.

Reference :

• (Ngastiyah; 1997; P 36, 37).
• (Purnawan Junadi; 1982; 206).

Causes and Common Symptoms of Gastritis in Children

Gastritis is an erosion in the lining of the stomach, where this process can occur suddenly, called acute gastritis or slow and takes a long time (chronic gastritis). In addition to erosion of the stomach lining, inflammation or irritation can also cause gastritis.

Gastritis can strike from children to adults, where if it is not in the intensive treatment, it can cause a variety of diseases of the stomach.

Many things can cause gastritis, one of the main factors is an infection of the microorganism Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori). Rising back bile into the digestive system can also cause gastritis. Or patients 'Pernicious anemia' in which a person can not digest vitamin B12 can also trigger gastritis.

Another cause could be a precipitating factor gastritis are undergoing treatment for a long time such as cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or people with HIV-AIDS.


Here are the common symptoms of gastritis in children:

• Stomach feels uncomfortable.
• Pain in the abdomen either before or after meals.
• Flavor full or satiated.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Indigestion after eating food.
• Loss of appetite.
• Insomnia.
• Uninterrupted night's sleep suddenly, due to abdominal pain.
• Diarrhea.
• Frequent hiccups.
• Feces when defecation is black.

10 Types of Foods that Can Boost the Immune System

Some Foods That Can Boost The Immune System

Enhance immunity is something that is very important to maintain the balance of health. Noteworthy is the human body's immunity can only be improved naturally. Talking about the natural way, there are only two ways to increase immunity.

The first is with exercise or sports, and the second is by eating foods that boost the immune system naturally. At the time of this discussion, we will focus on what foods can boost immunity.


Some Foods That Can Boost The Immune System

1. Egg
Eggs are one of the foods that are good for the immune system. Eggs contain several vitamins, the main ones are vitamin D with the potential to eradicate the disease, increase sex drive, and regulate the flow of blood in the body.

2. Meat
Meat is rich in zinc, an element that is essential to the ability to produce white blood cells and multiply. And as we know, the white blood cells help us to fight disease.

3. Greens
Green vegetables are rich in vitamins B1, A, and C. Vegetables are also rich in zinc. As far as you want to boost the immune system, do not hesitate to include green vegetables in your diet mandatory list.

4. Garlic
Garlic has the advantage, namely to protect our health by regulating hormones, regulating blood flow, increasing the passionate relationship of husband - wife, and many others. If you look further, garlic has to improve immune function are impressive. Garlic contains allcin, a powerful component that can destroy the bacteria and infection.

5. Yoghurt
Yogurt contains active cultures of bacteria that are good for health. Bacteria that are good for health, it is essential to keep the digestive system, especially intestine. A healthy digestive system is essential for a powerful immune system.

6. Berry
Berries, especially blueberries and raspberries, have antioxidants that can strengthen the body's natural immune system. Blueberries have low blood sugar compared to other fruits.

7. Lemon
Lemon is a fruit that can boost our immune system. Rich in vitamin C makes our body stronger against illnesses that attack.

8. Ginger
Ginger has potent antimicrobial material. They are also rich in antioxidants and minerals. Ginger is a favorite food of the men who want to improve their immune system.

9. Coconut
Coconut and coconut oil have the advantage of abundant health. They have a lauric acid which is transformed into monolaurin. If you do not already know about monolaurin, there are components in milk and naturally strengthen the immune system of the baby.

10. Avocado
Avocado contains vitamins B1, C, A, and minerals that make it a fruit that is included in the healthiest foods in the world. It helps cleanse the intestines naturally.

Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration - (Mild, Moderate and Severe)

Dehydration occurs when water or fluids out of the body more than the incoming fluid, so that the body can not perform its functions properly. If the fluid needs are not immediately met, then the body will become dehydrated.

Dehydration is generally caused due to lack of drinking water, or when the body fluid that comes out is not immediately replaced. The weather, the level and frequency of physical activity and poor diet can also cause dehydration.

A person also can become dehydrated as a result of the disease being suffered, such as vomiting and diarrhea, sweating out while fever, and when doing activity in hot weather.

Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration

Early signs of dehydration include:

• Feel thirsty.
• Dizziness.
• Dark yellow urine.
• Frequency of urination is reduced than usual.

To know clearly the body hydrated is to look at the color of urine: if the color is bright and clear, the body well hydrated, and if yellow - dark red then it is almost certainly a sign of dehydration.

Dehydration (mild - moderate) can cause effects and symptoms as follows:

• Dry mouth and sticky.
• Tired and sleepy.
• Thirst.
• The quantity of urine is reduced.
• Dry skin.
• Constipation.
• Headache.

In children, they usually become less active than usual when dehydrated.


Severe dehydration

If left unchecked, the body fluid deficiency, can lead to severe dehydration. Severe dehydration is an emergency medical condition, and must be given treatment.

Symptoms of severe dehydration can include:

• Very thirsty.
• Mouth, skin, and mucous membranes are very dry.
• Confusion and irritability.
• Not urinating more than 8 hours.
• Very dark-colored urine, and few in number.
• The eyes look sunken, heavy, dry and sore.
• Rapid heartbeat.
• Low blood pressure.
• Low levels of awareness to a fever.

The best way to treat the dehydration is quickly replacing lost body fluids, ie with plenty of water, white water, milk, or fruit juice.

Sweet drinks can be used to replace the shortage of sugar in the body, and a snack or light meal can be used to replace body salts.

To prevent dehydration, it is recommended to drink at least 8 glasses of water each day. And drinking more than usual when the activity in hot weather, after exercising or sweating, and before going to bed and after waking.

Tips to Prevent Stroke - Easy And Effective

Stroke is a medical disorder that can threaten the life of each person. Unhealthy lifestyle is one of the main causes of stroke. Definition of stroke itself is rupture of blood vessels or blood arteries leading to the brain organ. As a result, some of the nervous system in the brain certainly also be disrupted. So there are some people who suddenly trouble speaking or moving the several parts of his body as well as the risk of sudden death when stroke. There are various steps or easy tips to prevent the deadly stroke.

A stroke can strike adolescents, adults and the elderly both men and women. Began to change unhealthy lifestyle in yourself is the key to counteracting and preventing the stroke. You can start by doing a variety of physical activity are healthy, do not be lazy to exercise and eat a variety of foods that are healthy for the body and all the organs in your body. Tips health, prevent stroke following an easy and effective:

1. Set your daily exercise schedule.
Sport is one of the healthy physical activity throughout your body. Exercise will also nourish the heart organs and normalize blood pressure. So from that, spend time in the morning to the exercise routine.

2. Have a normal weight or ideal.
Too thin or too fat is also very good for your health. Obesity also increases the risk of stroke is higher.

3. Consumption of healthy meals every day.
In this case, various kinds of fruits and a variety of green leafy vegetables are very good to meet your body's nutritional needs. In addition, both types of healthy foods that can prevent a person from a stroke.

4. Stay away from bad habits that are not healthy.
Smoking is one of the bad habits that damage multiple organs in your body. In addition, smoking can also cause hypertension and heart unhealthy. Both of these can increase the risk of stroke.

5. Stop alcoholic beverages.
Try wherever possible to stop and not to approach the various beverages containing alcohol in it. This is because, alcoholic beverages are also able to increase stroke.

6. Limiting certain consume a variety of foods.
In this case, do not consume too much salt, high-fat meat and consume milk products that have a low fat content.

7. Drink enough water.
Water will help meet the needs of fluid in the body and help your weight loss program. Normal weight or ideal can reduce and even prevent someone from a stroke.

5 Types of Foods Should be Consumed by Women Everyday

Food needs of men and women are different, because the body needs are also different. For women, there are some foods that must be eaten each day. Anything ?

As a woman, the body becomes a fairly important part in order to support the appearance. In order to maintain their ideal body shape, some women were trying to run a variety of diet programs. However, many women forget that the body also needs nutrients for the survival of the body's metabolic system.

To work around this, the following five types of foods should be consumed by women every day so that the nutrients the body needs remain unmet.

1. Greens
It is no doubt, if the greens are very good for the body. Green vegetables such as spinach, lettuce, broccoli, cassava leaves, and others are most excellent sources of fiber. In addition, vitamin C, vitamin K and folic acid are also no doubt. Other kinds of minerals such as iron, magnesium, calcium, and potassium found in some types of greens. More and more green color of vegetables rich in nutrients.

2. Wheat
Wheat is a high source of fiber, nearly 96% of wheat is the main content of the fiber. While the rest are other vitamins and minerals. Because wheat is not quite easy to be in Indonesia, you can replace it with its derivatives, such as oatmeal, whole wheat bread, pasta from wheat.

3. Beans
Beans are a source of vegetable protein is very good. Besides beans also contain vitamin E, which is excellent for keeping skin moist, magnesium, and vitamin B. The beans can prevent cancer and heart attacks. You can eat peanuts as an afternoon snack, or mixed into a salad or yogurt. Within a week try to consume as much as half a bowl of beans to get maximum results.

4. Yoghurt
Low-fat yogurt or yogurt without flavor contains quite a lot of vitamins, protein, and calcium. Yoghurt also contains good bacteria that is good for the digestive system and prevent diseases of the stomach. Consumption of 3 to 4 cups of yogurt a week. Choose the type of yogurt that is plain and should not add sugar, if want something more noticeably add fresh fruit pieces into it.

5. Assorted Fruit Berries
It is no doubt, fruits are included in the family of berries (strawberry, raspberry, blueberry) is a source of fiber and antioxidants are also very good. These antioxidants not only prevent you from heart disease and stroke, but also keep your memory in good shape. Consumption of berries three times a week, is enough to keep your body healthy!

Relieve Stress with Breathing Exercises

Stress is a psychological disorder that can interfere with your activities. Causes of stress can vary, ranging from job stress, marital problems, to economic problems and so on.

Almost every day you will be dealing with stress. You need to know that stress is one of the main triggers excessive increase in appetite, which can thwart your efforts to lose weight. Well, so you do not overeat when stressed, you can overcome it with breathing exercises.

Breathing exercises is a method of breathing in certain ways to enhance and improve the performance of the respiratory system (respiration). This exercise plays a role in improving the performance of the lungs to absorb oxygen optimally. Research states that do breathing exercises for 30 seconds to 2 minutes, five times a day are performed routinely within 12 weeks can improve the performance of the lungs as much as 10%.

Not only useful to relieve stress, breathing exercises can also increase energy, stabilize blood pressure, helps remove toxins from the body through urine, sweat, and so on and improve the health of the digestive system. Needless to place or a special time to do this exercise. You can do it anywhere and anytime.


How to do Breathing Exercises

Doing breathing exercises is not as difficult as you think. In fact you can do this exercise in your busy life. It's easy, that is, you can simply sit in a comfortable position, close your eyes. Inhale deeply through your nose and hold for five seconds, then gently remove it from the mouth for seven seconds. Repeat up to 4-5 times. You can also do this exercise in other ways, namely, take a deep breath from your nose, hold 5 seconds and then exhale through the mouth with the sound, and feel the benefits for your fitness.

Do breathing exercises whenever you experience stress, panic, nervousness, and other conditions that make you uncomfortable. Breathing exercises are also good to clear the mind, relaxes the body, and improve your concentration. Let's make it a habit of healthy life by diligently doing breathing exercises.

Diarrhea related to Nutritional Status

According to Mansjoer (2000), the cause of diarrhea in infants is due to infection (viruses, bacteria, parasites), malabsorption, food and immunodeficiency. Meanwhile, according to Sutoto, 1992 (in Simatupang, 2004) mentions that diarrhea causes malnutrition and aggravate diarrhea. Therefore, treatment with appropriate and adequate food is a major component of clinical management of diarrhea and also in the management of the home.

Weight and duration of diarrhea was strongly influenced by the nutritional status of patients, and diarrhea suffered by children with malnutrition status, more severe compared with children whose nutritional status is good, because children with malnutrition status output of fluids and faeces more so that the child will suffer severe dehydration , Supported also by the opinion (Scrimsham, 1999, in Saiful, 2009) there is a very close relationship between infection (causes diarrhea) and nutritional status, especially in children under five years old, because of the pressure of a synergistic interaction.

Pathology mechanisms can individually or together, ie a decrease in nutrient intake due to a lack of appetite, decreased absorption, reduce eating habits in times of illness, and increased fluid loss / nutrition due to diarrhea were continuously so that the body limp. Likewise, there is a relationship between nutritional status and infectious diarrhea in children under five years old. If the input of food or lack of nutrients will decrease the metabolism so that the body will be susceptible to disease. It can occur in children under five years suffer from diarrhea. Therefore, the input of food or nutrients must be considered in order to avoid a decrease in metabolism in the body.

Consumption of good nutrition and sufficient, is needed by someone, especially in children under five years old, because they often can not be met. Consumption of these nutrients, can not be fulfilled due to external and internal factors. External factors concerning the limitations of the family economy, so that the money available is not enough to buy food, while the internal factors are the factors that are within the child psychologically emerged as a problem eating in children under five years, or could also be due to malnutrition obtained from since birth due to malnutrition in the mother during pregnancy.

Therefore, the nutritional intake of children more attention because it will cause the status of malnutrition among children under five years (Suhardjo 2002, in Saiful, 2009). Nutritional status of children is an important thing that should be known by every parent. The need for more attention in the growth and development in the age of the children because it is in a vulnerable situation based on the fact that malnutrition is happening in this golden period, is irreversible (can not be recovered). Malnutrition that occurred during this period, such as protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency disorders, vitamin A deficiency and infections are common in children, especially diarrheal disease (Lisdiana, 1998, in Saiful, 2009).

10 Way to Maintain a Healthy Body

Maintain a healthy body is very important, because it will determine whether or not our bodies healthy.

If we do not maintain the health of our bodies, the body will automatically become unhealthy, and will allow disease to enter the body, and ultimately your home becomes ill purposes.

Each person must have longed for a healthy body both physical and spiritual.

But here we are going to talk because his physical.
So here I will share tips on maintaining a healthy body in order to stay in shape, so that the body will be more resistant to any disease.

Here are 10 Way to Maintain a Healthy Body :

1. Maintain a healthy body is the first with positive thinking, In a healthy body there is a calm mind and healthy too. So try to always think positive to all the problems that hit us.

2. Tired after a long day is one of the causes of your immune deficiencies. So the rest of your body is a very appropriate step to eliminate the tiredness.

3. Adequate rest every day, is one of the factors to keep your immune system. In this case sufficient and quality sleep.

4. Every morning, try to always do regular exercise. It aims to maintain the condition of the body to keep it fit and healthy.

5. Fill fibrous foods every day. Fibrous foods are apples, carrots and nuts. This is the function of fiber foods keep the body from bacteria.

6. Always make sure that the food you eat is already in hygienic or clean or wash with thoroughly cooked perfect.

7. Eat reasonable portions do not overdo it. In fear of your body will be obese and at risk of disease associated with overweight or obesity.

8. Meet the needs of vitamin D. vitamin D because it serves to stimulate immune cells to ward off viruses and bacteria. Vitamin D can be found in sunlight, eggs, liver and fish.

9. Meet the needs of fluid required in the body. In this case the water is healthy. Eight glasses of water per day is the amount that must be fulfilled to meet the needs of the fluid in our body.

10. Smiling is a way of maintaining a healthy body most easily. This is because, with a smile so we can improve your immune system.

7 Easy Ways to Sharpen Your Memory

Has a genius brain is the dream of all people. Despite the fact that, just a few who have a brain like a genius physicist Albert Einstein and several other scientists. One characteristic of having a genius brain that can solve complex problems quickly and remember things better that the present and recall memories of the past.

Has a sharp memory recall is needed by everyone. We may feel upset, when put stuff somewhere and when needed, we forgot to put where. So have a good memory is needed in all conditions and circumstances. This time, health tips will address an article that may be very valuable to the reader. Here's Tips to sharpen your brain memory:

1. On the sidelines of your activities, try to perform brain exercises. Brain exercises can be done by giving a few questions that you must answer for yourself. Such as, mentions that there are 10 items in the kitchen, 10 items in the office or school room, or other questions.

2. Like the body, the brain needs nutrients or foods for better memory. Kinds of good food for the brain food that is nutritional or green vegetables (spinach and other green vegetables) and fish (in this case a salmon).

3. All organs except the brain we do not need water to support in order to optimize its performance. In this case, drinking enough water is very useful to sharpen your brain memory. Ideally we should drink water 8 glasses of water each day.

4. Try to rest your brain when it was working all day. Sleep is the most effective way to rest your brain and your mind. So that when you wake up , the brain is more fresh and able to work optimally in helping us day-to- day activities are in desperate need of work in addition to our physical brains. By rest or sleep can sharpen our brain memory.

5. For those of you who do activities that desperately need your brain memory. It's good, no rest your brain for a few minutes. In order for your brain to be fresh again remember things in your employment.

6. Filling the hidden words in a crossword puzzle is a very powerful way to train your brain to sharpen your memory.

7. Trying to remember the beautiful memories of the past is one of the tips to sharpen your brain memory. Such memories with your friends while at school or in college or other fond memories.

8. Keep your Exercise your body every morning. Because exercise is good for health and accelerate blood circulation in the body, including your brain. So it will be able to sharpen your brain memory

Leg Cramps During Pregnancy - Prevention and Pain Management

Complaint that is often experienced by pregnant women are leg cramps, sometimes your fingers cramp as well. Especially when changing position from sitting to standing. Leg cramps during pregnancy usually occurs in the second trimester of pregnancy until the end. This situation may be due to a calf must withstand loads with increasing gestational age. The most frequent calf muscle cramps is below and behind the knees. Cramping pain may last a few seconds to minutes. Leg cramps can occur when we are resting, perhaps even sleeping.

Causes

Cramps can occur when the muscle is stimulated to contract in a position to contraction. This happens when we sleep on his knees half bent, and feet slightly downward. At this position the calf muscles flexed and somewhat prone to cramps. That is why the movement stretching before bed can prevent it.

It could also be because of leg fatigue of having to sustain the increased load during pregnancy. Other causes could be due to lack of blood flow to the lower body due to increased weight and pressure in the uterus.

Onset of leg cramps caused by an imbalance of some kind of mineral levels in the blood, ie, calcium, potassium and magnesium are too low, while phosphorus levels are too high. All it causes interference to the nervous system the body's muscles.

In some cases, cramps may occur due to problems or other conditions, for example:

• Several types of medications can give side effects such as cramping.
• Dehydration
• Imbalance of salts in the blood (eg, calcium or potassium levels are too low)
• Pregnancy, especially in the final trimester
• An underactive thyroid gland
• Narrowing of the leg arteries that impede circulation
• Disorders of the nervous
• Cirrhosis of the liver

Prevention

• Tell your doctor if cramps may be caused by the consumption of one of the above drugs . Doctors can provide alternative medicine .
• Drink at least six glasses filled every day , including one glass before bed . Also drink before , during and after exercise .
• Consumption of foods rich in calcium , potassium and magnesium . Eat one or two bananas a day is enough to meet the needs of potassium .
• Avoid standing for too long .
• Avoid impaired blood flow to the foot by not folding legs when sitting .
• Diligent walking as exercise is safe for pregnant women .
• pregnancy exercise
• If you often have cramps during sleep , do movement on the relaxation of the calf muscles before bed . The trick is to stand about 60-90 cm from the wall , then lean toward the wall with your foot stays in place . Do it several times . You may need a few days to do it until the effect is felt.
• Sleep with your calf muscles that prevent depressed without realizing it : o Use a pillow to support your feet while you sleep on your back . o When you sleep on his stomach , put your feet dangling on the end of the mattress . o Try to keep loose blankets in the foot so that the fingers and soles of feet are not facing down while sleeping .
• If the cramps subside , provide heating on calf and lower leg .

Pain Management

• Eliminate the pain immediately following action (if necessary ask for help from others).
• Align the heel and toe, then slowly bend your heel and toes.
• Massage leg muscles were cramping gently and slowly.
• When exposed leg cramps when sitting or sleeping, try to move your toes upward. Get out of bed and stood for a moment a few minutes, until the pain goes away.

Benefits of Classical Music for Mother and Baby's Brain

How the influence of music for babies in the womb? Many experts give conflicting opinion or controversy about the influence of music for babies in the womb. There are studies showing that the fetus can react to the sound or the voice to move.

But other experts argue that no one knows for sure what is the meaning of the movement of the baby while listening to music; whether the baby should feel pleased or annoyed, because experts can not examine unborn babies, as easy as the baby is born. And other experts state that there is no direct research evidence that music can make your baby more resourceful and creative. And there are many opinions about the controversy mutual influence of music for babies in the womb.

There is a study that found that music helps better growth in premature infants, in which the quiet songs played in premature infants for 40 minutes every day, and the day-to-4 examination premature infants, who played music gaining weight, heartbeats become more powerful than those not listening to music. After assessing the many conflicts of opinion of several experts on the influence of music and the baby in the womb, whether music gives pleasure or disturb the fetus in the womb, then there remains the decision on your own whether making music for your baby or not.

And in fact we all know that music can provide a sense of calm and relaxed on someone so well, music can help pregnant women to be more relaxed, calm and will indirectly have a positive impact for the baby in the womb.

One type of music is recommended for listening to classical music such as "Mozart", because the music can give you peace and express no opinion classical music increases brain wave activity that can help build networks with better brain synapses. Listen to music on a regular basis so as not to over-stimulate your baby, as well as a voice that was not too hard because it will be painful and shocking your baby. Do not worry because your amniotic fluid is a conductor or a good conductor of sound. You need to know when you decide to play music on your unborn baby, is because you enjoy it and give peace, relaxed for you, not because you are trying to make a baby in your womb is more clever and creative.


Benefits of Classical Music for Mother and Baby's Brain

Classic song turned out to have a positive influence on the growth of the fetus in the womb of a mother. Classical music can stimulate the fetus in the womb. Regular and continuous stimulation will stimulate children's intelligence. Music can stimulate the right brain intelligence, brain right brain is associated with creativity, art, style, socialization and personality. A scientist from Europe and the United States found that classical music can give auditory stimuli that are good for the fetus, the fetus is helpful to education.

The study found that during the baby listening to the music of Mozart and Bach, could expand the volume of the brain, increase the main activities of the nerves, helping the abstract imagination of normal growth in children.

Research shows, conduct periodic sound stimuli to the fetus, eg soft light classical music and gently whisper parents and others, can promote the growth of the fetus and sensory nerve skin layer of the brain stem central flavorings, laid the foundation for the development of wisdom. Otherwise under modern music and sound stimuli bustle, the fetus can feel uneasy and worried, accelerated heart rate, shaking the content stronger.

As for women who are pregnant, classic songs can be freed from the stress of pregnancy. Emotional condition of a pregnant woman greatly influenced the development of the fetus.

Some Causes of Nausea After Eating

Nausea after eating can be a sign of disorder (illness) are more serious. Nausea is a condition that refers to feelings of discomfort before throwing up, but it does not always lead to vomiting. Nausea after eating can be caused due to various circumstances, such as eating certain foods, eating contaminated food and also eat too fast, etc.. This can occur both in children and adults.

If nausea persists then you should get to the doctor to find the cause and treatment. Nausea is often associated with some other illnesses that either mild or serious.

Some Causes of Nausea After Eating

1. Content of food

Content of foods can also be the cause, some food that is not suitable for some people and cause digestion is not going well.

2. Diet

Consuming foods with quickly can cause nausea after eating. Heavy and fatty foods also tend to make people nauseous after eating. In some people, nausea can also occur due to eating too often.

3. Food poisoning

Nausea can be caused by food poisoning, food allergies or, in such cases, the patient may also experience headaches, body aches, fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain or cramping and vomiting. Parents and children are very vulnerable experience.

4. GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd) conditions that can lead to a condition in which the level of stomach acid excesses that cause nausea after eating. Some of these symptoms can be controlled by antacids.

5. Blockage In Small Intestine

A blockage in the small intestine is the most serious cause of feeling nauseous after eating and usually requires immediate medical attention. Because it can cause a buildup of toxins in the bloodstream.

6. Gall Bladder pain

People, who suffer from gallbladder disease, especially in the early stages, may experience nausea after eating. Typically, the initial symptoms appear when the person is eating greasy foods or high fat.

7. Crohn's disease (Erosion In Intestine)

In some individuals, Crohn's disease or bowl disease may be prone to nausea after eating, the more common symptoms of inflammatory conditions including chronic diarrhea and abdominal cramps.

8. Symptoms of pregnancy

In the first half of pregnancy, nausea after eating is very common. You could say one of the signs of pregnancy are nausea after eating.

14 Causes and 6 Treatment of Vomiting

Vomiting is a symptom not a disease. Symptoms of this form of discharge of the contents of the stomach and intestines through the mouth by force or by force. Vomiting is a protective reflex against the body because it can serve accidentally ingested toxins. In addition, an attempt vomiting removing toxins from the body and can reduce the pressure caused by the blockage or enlargement of the organ that puts pressure on the digestive tract. In general, vomiting consists of three phases, namely nausea, retching or vomiting early to maneuver, and regurgitation of gastric contents or expenses, intestine into the mouth.

Note: The cause of frequent (No. 1-2) and rarely causes (no. 3-15)

1. Virus infection and acute gastroenteritis.

The most common cause is a viral infection include acute gastroenteristis usually by viruses, particularly rotavirus. Infectious diarrhea in children is most often caused by rotavirus infection. Diarrhea due to rotavirus infection is often termed diarrhea or vomiting and diarrhea. Symptoms of rotavirus or other viral infections such as mild fever, start vomiting frequently, severe diarrhea, or abdominal pain and. Vomiting and diarrhea are the main symptoms of rotavirus infection and can last for 3-7 days. Rotavirus infection can be accompanied by other symptoms of child loss of appetite, and signs of dehydration. Rotavirus infection can cause mild and severe dehydration, and even death. Rotavirus virus infection is not usually found only complaint followed by vomiting without diarrhea often great.

2. People with allergies and gastrointestinal hypersensitivity.

In children with allergies especially with gastrooesephageal reflux. In these patients, usually complaint vomit or spit up frequently when aged under the age of 6-12 months. After age was gradually reduced, and complaints will improve palaing long after the age of 5-7 years. In general, the age of 3-6 months of vomiting only 2-5 times per day and it improves with age. Attack would be severe disruption vomiting during acute respiratory tract infection or other viral infections. Complaints viral infection usually accompanied by complaints of fever, body warmer, body aches, muscle aches, headache, sore throat, cough or runny nose. Food in patients with food allergy can cause vomiting but only lighter and in a few moments will be reduced. Allergy sufferers with GER is usually accompanied by an allergic skin, nose and respiratory tract.

3. Pyloric stenosis

This is a disorder that occurs in infants be constriction at the end of the hole right food out into the small intestine. As a result of the narrowing, only a small amount of food can get into the intestine, the rest will be spewed out so that the child lost weight. This condition usually causes "projectile vomiting" is very strong and is an indication for urgent surgery.

4. Bowel obstruction (blockage in the gastrointestinal tract)

5. Too much to eat

6. Peritonitis (inflammation of the stomach lining that wraps around the organs of the abdomen and the abdominal cavity limit)

7. Ileus (temporary cessation of normal contractions of the intestinal wall)

8. Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gall bladder), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), appendicitis, hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)

9 . food poisoning

10 . Sensory systems and the brain

Cause of the sensory systems include motion , motion sickness ( which is caused by overstimulation of the labyrinth ear canals ) , and Ménière's disease ( disorder that affects the inner ear ) . Causes including brain , concussion , brain hemorrhage , migraine , brain tumor , which can cause damage chemoreceptors and benign intracranial hypertension and hydrocephalus .

11 . metabolic disorders

This may interfere with both the stomach and the parts of the brain that coordinate vomiting , hypercalcemia ( high calcium levels ) , uremia ( urea accumulation , usually due to renal failure ) , adrenal insufficiency , hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia .

12 . Hyperemesis ( excessive nausea during pregnancy ) , morning sickness .

13 . drug reactions

Vomiting may occur as an acute somatic response , the effects of alcohol , opioids , selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors . Many chemotherapy drugs and some entheogen ( such as peyote or ayahuasca ) cause vomiting .

14 Diseases caused by norwalk virus , swine flu and other infectious diseases .


Management

1. Giving fluids (drink) to replace the lost fluids and prevent dehydration.

2. Place the child in the prone or inclined (tilted to the left or to the right) to avoid vomit the contents into the airway.

3. Watch for signs of dehydration. Dehydration is a state body hydrated. Dehydration can occur if the child is vomiting continuously. Severe dehydration can be life threatening.

4. Still give fluids. Fluid administration (drinking) is very important to prevent dehydration child. If the child refuses, still persuaded the child to drink. For baby, if you are still breastfeeding, give breast milk. Your doctor may add a liquid electrolyte. If you get baby formula, your doctor may temporarily replace formula with ORS during the first 12-24 hours, or recommend to give the formula 2 times more dilute than the usual formula given.

5. Diet modification. Avoid feeding dense, fibrous and tough and fatty foods because these foods are relatively much longer to digest and can induce vomiting.

6. When excessive vomiting or exceed 5 times a day should be fasted while vomiting while taking medication. After 1 hour of new should sip but often.