Nausea and Vomiting related to Pregnancy

Although the cause is unknown, nausea and vomiting during pregnancy related to changes in the hormonal levels in the body of a pregnant woman. When a pregnant woman, there will be increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which is derived from the placenta. This hormone serves to maintain adequate production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone from ovaries, resulting in pregnancy to be healthy.

In addition, the effect of this hormone is thought to cause nausea and vomiting in the first three months of pregnancy (first trimester) and will fall back after the fourth month. Therefore, nausea and vomiting usually goes away by itself after entering the fourth month. Besides HCG, the hormone estrogen is considered also cause nausea and vomiting in pregnant women.

Signs and symptoms

Level 1 (mild)

• Nausea and vomiting constantly affecting the general condition.
• Feeling weak.
• No appetite.
• Body weight decreased.
• Feel pain in the epigastric.
• Pulse increased by about 100 per minute.
• Decreased blood pressure.
• Reduced skin turgor.
• Tongue dries.
• Sunken eyes.

Level 2 (moderate)

• Looks weaker and apathetic.
• Skin turgor started ugly.
• Tongue dry and looked dirty.
• Pulse small and quick.
• Body temperature rises (dehydration).
• Eyes began to jaundice.
• Weight down and sunken eyes.
• Drop in blood pressure, hemoconcentration, oliguria and constipation.
• Acetone smell of respiration and occurs acetonuria.

Level III (severe)

• General condition is more severe (decreased consciousness from somnolence to coma).
• Severe dehydration.
• Pulse small, fast and smooth.
• Increased body temperature and blood pressure drop.
• Fatal complications occur in the nervous system known as Wernicke encephalopathy with symptoms of nystagmus, diplopia and mental decline.
• Jaundice which indicate heart trouble.

Prevention

Avoiding strong-smelling food, cigarette smoke or perfume smelling that can trigger nausea and vomiting.
Some dietary supplements may help reduce nausea and vomiting as a drink ginger or vitamin B6.
Eat a desired food when the body is able to receive it.
Do not lie down immediately after eating, should sit upright for a while to avoid bloating or nausea.
Avoid lots of drinking at meals, wait 30 minutes after eating a new drinking water. Outside of mealtime, are expected to drink more.
Eat small meals but frequently (every 2-3 hours) to prevent nausea without risk of malnutrition.
A diet that is complete and balanced.
Enough rest.
Consultation obstetrician if nausea and vomiting continues.

Effect of Influenza During Pregnancy

INFLUENZA is a disease caused by a viral infection. Group of viruses that cause influenza are the types of RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae that often affects poultry and humans. Chills, fever, sore throat, muscle aches, headache, cough, fatigue / weakness are common symptoms of influenza. Influenza is often considered a mild illness that resolves itself, so handling is often times overlooked. What if this happens influenza in pregnant women? whether the effects on pregnancy and the fetus?

Influenza vaccination during pregnancy has been shown to reduce the risk of influenza and its complications during pregnancy until the baby is 6 months old. To assess the potential benefits and risks associated with the use of influenza vaccine this it is necessary to inspect / test the risk of influenza and its complications that occur during pregnancy and the baby will be born. Pregnant women have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality were higher during epidemics and pandemic influenza. Newborns of mothers who suffer from influenza during pregnancy, especially in severe influenza potentially adverse experience things such as premature births and low birth weights. 6 month old baby infected with influenza virus have hospital level of care and higher mortality than other babies who are not infected with influenza virus.

Decision influenza vaccine use during pregnancy should be strictly based on the ratio of benefits and disadvantages. To fully understand the benefits of this vaccine then we should know the complications associated with influenza virus infection is both the mother and the fetus. Also based on the results of randomized trials showed that influenza vaccination also protects infants from influenza attack up to the age of 6 months.

Based on the data of pandemic and seasonal influenza epidemics, pregnant women who catch influenza will be more likely to experience severe complications related to influenza are compared with the community at large. During pregnancy, physiological and immunological changes affect the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system and other organs so that a pregnant woman is at risk for complications of infection is greater. Pregnant woman's immune system will adapt to tolerate the presence of foreign genes fetus. How the adaptation mechanism is unknown, but it seems humoral immunity plays an important role in this regard. The immunologic adaptation increases the risk of complications associated with certain infections, including infections caused by influenza virus.

Latest facts about pandemic influenza A (H1N1)-pdm09 (2009 H1N1) provide evidence that pregnant women are at high risk for severe influenza complications. Data pregnant women compared with women of childbearing age who are not pregnant or the general population, showed that pregnant women are at risk of requiring inpatient care are higher even with intensive care and can result in mortality associated with the 2009 H1N1. The first month of data since the emergence of the 2009 H1N1 in the United States showed that pregnant women are at risk 4 times greater require hospital treatment.

Source : http://ruangdiskusiapoteker.blogspot.com/2012/08/pengaruh-influenza-pada-wanita-hamil.html

How to Naturally Eliminate Nausea During Pregnancy

Nausea during pregnancy is common especially your early pregnancy. Nausea or morning sickness known often found in pregnant women. Although this nausea is common but can be extraordinary / extreme if the intensity is high and very disturbing you. Especially for those who are still actively working, of course, is very disturbing activities. Nausea or morning sickness does not only happen in the morning but throughout the day, usually in the first 3 months. Even so, not all pregnant women experience nausea excessive, there is also the usual and did not experience nausea in the first 3 months. Fortunately, if you do not experience nausea during pregnancy because of pregnancy onwards also do not experience nausea.

Although there are some women do not experience nausea, but most women will experience nausea during pregnancy. What are the causes of nausea during pregnancy ? The nausea could be caused by the following factors :

1. Increased progesterone
Increased progesterone can cause digestive problems pregnant women. So that your metabolism is not so good. Good digestion metabolism can cause nausea and vomiting.

2. Food
Food can also be a cause of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Oily and spicy foods can cause nausea and vomiting.

3. Sensitivity of smell and taste
In the times of the first 3 months of pregnancy pregnant women usually have a higher level of sensitivity to smell and taste. Usually a very sharp odor can cause nausea to vomiting.

Nausea or morning sickness is normal and can actually be reduced, provided that the pregnant woman who has had to try to relieve the nausea. The nausea that comes often lead us lazy eating and can damage the health of the baby. Therefore, pregnant women need to know how to naturally eliminate nausea during pregnancy that can still maintain the health of mothers and infants, among others:

1 . Pregnant milk consumption
Today many pregnant dairy products on offer . It helps pregnant women , pregnant dairy consumption , to reduce nausea . The content of vitamin B 16 may reduce nausea .

2 . Balanced nutrition
During pregnancy , try to always adequate maternal nutrition and the baby . Eat vegetables and fruits are very good for the days of pregnancy .

3 . Aromatherapy
Aromatherapy can help pregnant women relieve nausea and vomiting . Choose aromatherapy as desired . Smell the aromatherapy can help relax and forget about the nausea .

4 . Adjust your diet
Pregnant women who experience nausea would be difficult to eat . This could be detrimental to the mother and baby in the womb . Pregnant women should adjust your diet . Consume a little bit is better than nothing at all .

5 . Rest
Adequate rest is highly recommended for pregnant women who experience nausea . In addition to rest, avoid stress which can also lead to nausea.

Those are some natural ways eliminate nausea during pregnancy that I can write in a health article this time . Hope it can help you through pregnancy , especially in a first pregnancy .

Leg Cramps During Pregnancy - Prevention and Pain Management

Complaint that is often experienced by pregnant women are leg cramps, sometimes your fingers cramp as well. Especially when changing position from sitting to standing. Leg cramps during pregnancy usually occurs in the second trimester of pregnancy until the end. This situation may be due to a calf must withstand loads with increasing gestational age. The most frequent calf muscle cramps is below and behind the knees. Cramping pain may last a few seconds to minutes. Leg cramps can occur when we are resting, perhaps even sleeping.

Causes

Cramps can occur when the muscle is stimulated to contract in a position to contraction. This happens when we sleep on his knees half bent, and feet slightly downward. At this position the calf muscles flexed and somewhat prone to cramps. That is why the movement stretching before bed can prevent it.

It could also be because of leg fatigue of having to sustain the increased load during pregnancy. Other causes could be due to lack of blood flow to the lower body due to increased weight and pressure in the uterus.

Onset of leg cramps caused by an imbalance of some kind of mineral levels in the blood, ie, calcium, potassium and magnesium are too low, while phosphorus levels are too high. All it causes interference to the nervous system the body's muscles.

In some cases, cramps may occur due to problems or other conditions, for example:

• Several types of medications can give side effects such as cramping.
• Dehydration
• Imbalance of salts in the blood (eg, calcium or potassium levels are too low)
• Pregnancy, especially in the final trimester
• An underactive thyroid gland
• Narrowing of the leg arteries that impede circulation
• Disorders of the nervous
• Cirrhosis of the liver

Prevention

• Tell your doctor if cramps may be caused by the consumption of one of the above drugs . Doctors can provide alternative medicine .
• Drink at least six glasses filled every day , including one glass before bed . Also drink before , during and after exercise .
• Consumption of foods rich in calcium , potassium and magnesium . Eat one or two bananas a day is enough to meet the needs of potassium .
• Avoid standing for too long .
• Avoid impaired blood flow to the foot by not folding legs when sitting .
• Diligent walking as exercise is safe for pregnant women .
• pregnancy exercise
• If you often have cramps during sleep , do movement on the relaxation of the calf muscles before bed . The trick is to stand about 60-90 cm from the wall , then lean toward the wall with your foot stays in place . Do it several times . You may need a few days to do it until the effect is felt.
• Sleep with your calf muscles that prevent depressed without realizing it : o Use a pillow to support your feet while you sleep on your back . o When you sleep on his stomach , put your feet dangling on the end of the mattress . o Try to keep loose blankets in the foot so that the fingers and soles of feet are not facing down while sleeping .
• If the cramps subside , provide heating on calf and lower leg .

Pain Management

• Eliminate the pain immediately following action (if necessary ask for help from others).
• Align the heel and toe, then slowly bend your heel and toes.
• Massage leg muscles were cramping gently and slowly.
• When exposed leg cramps when sitting or sleeping, try to move your toes upward. Get out of bed and stood for a moment a few minutes, until the pain goes away.

Benefits of Classical Music for Mother and Baby's Brain

How the influence of music for babies in the womb? Many experts give conflicting opinion or controversy about the influence of music for babies in the womb. There are studies showing that the fetus can react to the sound or the voice to move.

But other experts argue that no one knows for sure what is the meaning of the movement of the baby while listening to music; whether the baby should feel pleased or annoyed, because experts can not examine unborn babies, as easy as the baby is born. And other experts state that there is no direct research evidence that music can make your baby more resourceful and creative. And there are many opinions about the controversy mutual influence of music for babies in the womb.

There is a study that found that music helps better growth in premature infants, in which the quiet songs played in premature infants for 40 minutes every day, and the day-to-4 examination premature infants, who played music gaining weight, heartbeats become more powerful than those not listening to music. After assessing the many conflicts of opinion of several experts on the influence of music and the baby in the womb, whether music gives pleasure or disturb the fetus in the womb, then there remains the decision on your own whether making music for your baby or not.

And in fact we all know that music can provide a sense of calm and relaxed on someone so well, music can help pregnant women to be more relaxed, calm and will indirectly have a positive impact for the baby in the womb.

One type of music is recommended for listening to classical music such as "Mozart", because the music can give you peace and express no opinion classical music increases brain wave activity that can help build networks with better brain synapses. Listen to music on a regular basis so as not to over-stimulate your baby, as well as a voice that was not too hard because it will be painful and shocking your baby. Do not worry because your amniotic fluid is a conductor or a good conductor of sound. You need to know when you decide to play music on your unborn baby, is because you enjoy it and give peace, relaxed for you, not because you are trying to make a baby in your womb is more clever and creative.


Benefits of Classical Music for Mother and Baby's Brain

Classic song turned out to have a positive influence on the growth of the fetus in the womb of a mother. Classical music can stimulate the fetus in the womb. Regular and continuous stimulation will stimulate children's intelligence. Music can stimulate the right brain intelligence, brain right brain is associated with creativity, art, style, socialization and personality. A scientist from Europe and the United States found that classical music can give auditory stimuli that are good for the fetus, the fetus is helpful to education.

The study found that during the baby listening to the music of Mozart and Bach, could expand the volume of the brain, increase the main activities of the nerves, helping the abstract imagination of normal growth in children.

Research shows, conduct periodic sound stimuli to the fetus, eg soft light classical music and gently whisper parents and others, can promote the growth of the fetus and sensory nerve skin layer of the brain stem central flavorings, laid the foundation for the development of wisdom. Otherwise under modern music and sound stimuli bustle, the fetus can feel uneasy and worried, accelerated heart rate, shaking the content stronger.

As for women who are pregnant, classic songs can be freed from the stress of pregnancy. Emotional condition of a pregnant woman greatly influenced the development of the fetus.

Nursing Diagnosis for Premature Rupture of Membranes

Nursing Care Plan for PROM
 
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is the rupture of the membranes prior to the onset of labour.

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) refers to a patient who is beyond 37 weeks' gestation and has presented with rupture of membranes (ROM) prior to the onset of labor. Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is ROM prior to 37 weeks' gestation. Spontaneous premature rupture of the membranes (SPROM) is ROM after or with the onset of labor. Prolonged ROM is any ROM that persists for more than 24 hours and prior to the onset of labor.

Risk factors for PPROM are:

• Smoking. Heavy cigarette smoking increases the risk of PPROM more at early gestational age than at term.]
• Previous preterm delivery.
• Vaginal bleeding (at any time during the pregnancy).
• There is an association between lower genital tract infection and PPROM.
• Around a third of women with PPROM have positive amniotic fluid cultures.

The following are the most common symptoms of PROM. However, each woman may experience symptoms differently.

Symptoms of PROM:

• leaking or a gush of watery fluid from the vagina
• constant wetness in panties

If you notice any symptoms of PROM, be sure to call your physician as soon as possible. The symptoms of PROM may resemble other medical conditions. Consult your physician for a diagnosis.

Prevention of premature rupture of membranes:

Unfortunately, there is no way to actively prevent PROM. However, this condition does have a strong link with cigarette smoking and mothers should stop smoking as soon as possible.


Nursing Diagnosis for Premature Rupture of Membranes

1. Risk for Infection: maternal
related to:

• invasive procedures,
• recurrent vaginal examination,
• amniotic membrane rupture.

2. Impaired gas exchange: fetus
related to: the presence of disease.

3. Acute pain
related to: the rhythmic contraction of uterine smooth muscle.

4. Anxiety
related to:

• crisis situation,
• threat to the mother / fetus.

6. Activity intolerance
related to: muscle hypersensitivity.