Relieve Stress with Breathing Exercises

Stress is a psychological disorder that can interfere with your activities. Causes of stress can vary, ranging from job stress, marital problems, to economic problems and so on.

Almost every day you will be dealing with stress. You need to know that stress is one of the main triggers excessive increase in appetite, which can thwart your efforts to lose weight. Well, so you do not overeat when stressed, you can overcome it with breathing exercises.

Breathing exercises is a method of breathing in certain ways to enhance and improve the performance of the respiratory system (respiration). This exercise plays a role in improving the performance of the lungs to absorb oxygen optimally. Research states that do breathing exercises for 30 seconds to 2 minutes, five times a day are performed routinely within 12 weeks can improve the performance of the lungs as much as 10%.

Not only useful to relieve stress, breathing exercises can also increase energy, stabilize blood pressure, helps remove toxins from the body through urine, sweat, and so on and improve the health of the digestive system. Needless to place or a special time to do this exercise. You can do it anywhere and anytime.


How to do Breathing Exercises

Doing breathing exercises is not as difficult as you think. In fact you can do this exercise in your busy life. It's easy, that is, you can simply sit in a comfortable position, close your eyes. Inhale deeply through your nose and hold for five seconds, then gently remove it from the mouth for seven seconds. Repeat up to 4-5 times. You can also do this exercise in other ways, namely, take a deep breath from your nose, hold 5 seconds and then exhale through the mouth with the sound, and feel the benefits for your fitness.

Do breathing exercises whenever you experience stress, panic, nervousness, and other conditions that make you uncomfortable. Breathing exercises are also good to clear the mind, relaxes the body, and improve your concentration. Let's make it a habit of healthy life by diligently doing breathing exercises.

Stages of The Process of Hallucinations

Changes in sensory perception: hallucinations influenced by multifactorial, both external and internal, including: inadequate individual coping, individuals who isolate themselves from the environment, there is trauma which causes low self-esteem, ineffective family coping, and chronic problems are not resolved.

Perception is the identification and interpretation of the stimulus based on information received through the five senses, namely sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste (Stuart & Laraia, 2001) Meanwhile, according Varcarolis (2006) disruption of sensory perception is a perception that there is no stimulus. Perception is the basis of how one feels his experience, every person has a different perception of the same experience.

Hallucinations and illusions is a sensory perception changes that occur in response to maladaptive neurobiology. Hallucinations are defined as disorders that may give rise to the perception of schizophrenia, psychosis, organic brain syndrome, epilepsy, nerosa histrionic, atropine intoxication or amethyst and hallucinogenic substances. Hallucinations are perceptions of the client's environment without a real stimulus, meaning that individuals interpret the real thing without any external stimulus.

Hallucinations consist of 4 stages:

The first is the stage where the client was happy and hallucinations provide a sense of comfort, the client is still in the moderate anxiety, the characteristics of this stage the client is experiencing anxiety, loneliness, guilt and fear is a behavior that is often seen among clients smiling and laughing to himself, moving his lips noiselessly, rapid eye movements, verbal responses were slow, silent and concentrate.

Second. Hallucinations be faulted, the client will be at the level of severe anxiety, and cause resentment. This stage is characterized by sensory experiences and withdraw from others. Clients will exhibit behaviors: the concentration of sensory experience, narrowing attention span, increased heart rate, respiration and blood pressure, and can not distinguish between hallucination and reality.

Third. The client is in severe anxiety, hallucinations client control, and sensory experience can not be denied anymore characteristics. Clients give and receive sensory experience, content becomes active hallucinations, and loneliness ended when the sensory experience. Ditahap client's behavior; client will comply with hallucinations, difficulty relating to others about the attention that only a few seconds per minute and severe anxiety symptoms (sweating, tremor, was not able to follow commands).

Fourth. Hallucinations have mastered the client, and anxiety panic occurs. At this stage has the characteristics: experience sensory hallucinations threatening and may take several hours or days the behavior that emerges is a high risk of panic behavior suicide, murder, agitation, withdrawal, and not able to respond to commands, and more than one complex.

Hallucinations are also influenced by predisposing factors, the first is a biological factor which includes interference / obstacles frontal and temporal brain development; lesions in the frontal cortex, limbic, temporal, growth disorders in prenatal, neonatal and childhood. Psychological factors that helped influence is rejection and violence in the lives of clients. caregiver or friend that cold, anxious not sensitive, or even over-protective; conflict and violence in the family (parents quarrel, mayhem and domestic violence).

Another factor which is a predisposing factor is the state of social culture hallucinations such as poverty, disharmony, social culture (war, riots, insecurity) an isolated life with the stress that builds up. Stress precipitation hallucinations are biological factors involving brain function in regulating the amount of information that can be processed at a function that occurs dilobus waktu.Penurunan frontal process resulted in information overload and neurobiologik maladaptive response. Environmental stresses that have exceeded the threshold of an individual being a reality orientation precipitation occurrence.

The last precipitation factors that trigger the onset of hallucinations is the state of the environment (the difficulties of life / relate to other people, poverty), health (poor nutrition, lack of sleep, infection, central nervous system drugs, moderate to high anxiety), behavioral (low self-esteem , loss of self-confidence).

Maladaptive behaviors that arise include: changes in thought processes such as delusions or delusional disorder is a form of mind (any ideas / beliefs are wrong), a misperception though no stimulus but clients feel it, the inability to experience emotions, disorganized behavior is neurobiological responses that lead to disruption of key functions such as the central nervous system so that there is no coordination between the thoughts, feelings and behavior and the behavior of the latter is maladaptive social isolation inability client relationships, cooperation and interdependence with others.

Nursing Concepts and Care Plan for Mental Retardation (MR)

Mental retardation (MR) is a condition in which a person has the mental capacity is insufficient. Mental retardation is a subnormal intellectual function abnormalities occur during development and is associated with one or more disorders of maturation, learning and social adjustment.

Mental retardation is defined as weakness / inability cognitive appeared in childhood (before the age of 18 years) is characterized by the function under normal intelligence (IQ 70-75 or less), and accompanied by at least two other limitations in the following areas: speech and language; self-care skills, ADL; social skills; using community facilities, health and safety; functional academic, work and relax, etc..

Clinical manifestations

Clinical manifestations of mental retardation, among others:
1. Cognitive impairment (pattern, thought process).
2. The slow reception skills and language expression.
3. Failed to get past the main stages of development.
4. Head circumference is above or below normal (sometimes larger or smaller than normal size).
5. Possibility of slow growth.
6. Possibility of abnormal muscle tone (more frequent weak muscle tone).
7. Possibility of dysmorphic features.
8. Delays in fine and gross motor development.

Pathophysiology

Mental retardation refers to the real limitations of daily living function. Mental retardation include weakness or cognitive disability that appears in childhood (before age 18 years) were characterized by below-normal intelligence function (IQ 70 to 75 or less) and with other limitations in adaptive functioning at least two areas: speaking and language, abilities / skills of self-care, homemaking, social skills, use of community facilities, self-direction, health and safety, functional academic, leisure and work. Cause of mental retardation can be classified into prenatal, perinatal and post-natal. Diagnosis of mental retardation established early in childhood.

Complication

1. Cerebral palsy
2. Seizure disorders
3. Psychiatric disorders
4. Impaired concentration / hyperactivity
5. communication deficits
6. constipation

Prevention

1. Increase healthy brain development and the provision of care and an environment that stimulates growth.
2. Should focus on the biological health and early life experiences of children living in poverty in terms of prenatal care, regular health monitoring and family support services.


Nursing Care Plan for Mental Retardation (MR)

A. Assessment

The assessment consists of a comprehensive evaluation of the shortcomings and strengths associated with the adaptive skills; communication, self-care, social interaction, use of facilities in the community self-direction, health care and safety, functional academic, recreational skill formation, and tranquility.

B. Nursing Diagnosis

1. Impaired growth and development related to cognitive dysfunction.
2. Impaired verbal communication related to cognitive dysfunction.
3. Risk for injury related to aggressive behavior imbalance of physical mobility.
4. Impaired Social Interaction related to difficulty speaking / social adaptation difficulties.
5. Interrupted family processes related to having a child with mental retardation.
6. Self care deficit related to changes in physical mobility / lack of developmental maturity.

C. Intervention

1. Assess the factors causing impaired child development.
2. Identification and use of educational resources to facilitate optimal child development.
3. Provide consistent care.
4. Increase communication verbal and tactile stimulation.
5. Give simple instructions and repeat.
6. Give positive reinforcement on child outcomes.
7. Encourage children to do their own maintenance.
8. Difficult child behavior management.
9. Encourage children to socialize with the group.
10. Create a safe environment.

D. Education on Parents

1. Each stage of child development for ages.
2. Support parental involvement in child care.
3. Anticipatory guidance and management face a difficult child behavior.
4. Inform existing educational facilities and groups.

E. Expected results
1. Children to function optimally the relevant level.
2. Families and children are able to use coping with challenges due to disability.
3. Families are able to obtain the resources community facilities.

Mental Health Nursing Care for the Elderly

Every year the definition of elderly changes, but maybe its fair to talk about the age of 65 as being the start of elderly. While this definition is somewhat arbitrary, it is many times associated with the age at which one can begin to receive pension benefits. At the moment, there is no United Nations standard numerical criterion, but the UN agreed cutoff is 60+ years to refer to the older population.

Elderly mental health care is an important issue that affects almost one in every five American adults who are in fact known to be affected by some form of mental illness or the other. These mental illnesses include suffering from dementia and psychosis, delirium as well as depression and schizophrenia.

Elderly mental health care today suffers from many lacunae and among these lacunae is the fact the majority of elders suffering from mental ailments shirk from getting them treated. It is commonly found that such elders will suffer their condition in silence and are ready to put up with many discomforts rather than face the stigma of being known as being mentally disturbed.

In today's day and age a worrying aspect to dealing with elderly health care needs is the fact that the cause of death in the twentieth century is radically different than what was common in the previous century. In the nineteenth century deaths were caused by acute as well as infectious ailments, though in these modern times the main killers are chronic as well as degenerative ailments of old age.

In most cases, mental health problems in elders that require treatment are quite conveniently ignored. Improper treatment of mental illnesses in elders seems to the most prominent reason contributing to high suicidal rate in these people. Many of these people require specialized mental health services.

There are several reasons that contribute to improper mental health services to the elderly :

1. In most cases, elders are reluctant to undergo treatment for their mental health disorder. They continue to harbor their minds with discomfort and stigmas, thereby showing resistance to leaving their homes and going to a rehabilitation center or a clinic.

2. Our society has never shown respect or dignity for individuals suffering from mental health problems. Even a mental health professional is apprehensive about an elderly person with such condition. Beliefs and attitudes of these professionals do have a significant influence on the quality of medical care provided to the patients.

3. Medical negligence is another big hurdle. In many situations, symptoms of mental health diseases are just written off as indicators of ageing.